Keywords: homogenization, software HOMER, monthly atmospheric precipitation sums, data quality, break points

In our work, we analyzed modern software products that are frequently used for quality control and homogenization of long climatological time series of different variables, in particular, atmospheric precipitation. Based on our analysis, the HOMER software was selected to perform quality control and homogenization procedures for time series of monthly precipitation sums. The advantages of using HOMER include the possibility for the researcher to make a decision on confirming the breakpoints at the stage of joint comparison (joint detection), which allows considering the available information about the natural variability of atmospheric precipitation in the region and preventing oversmoothing of their values. The HOMER homogenization procedure was applied to monthly atmospheric precipitation time series collected in Ukraine for the period 1946-2020. Possible areas of inhomogeneity of the series (break points) were established and it was determined that the value of the shift amplitude is 0.1-0.7 (in relative units of standard deviation). The correction of the time series of the monthly precipitation sums for the studied period was carried out and it was calculated that their change depends on the magnitude and sign of the shift amplitude and is 10-20% of the initial amounts of precipitation. The considered methodological techniques and approaches to data quality control and their homogenization using the HOMER software can be applied in further precipitation studies.

1. Balabukh V. Traiektorii tsykloniv, scho zumovliuiut’ nebezpechnu i stykhijnu kil’kist’ opadiv v Ukraini u teplyj period roku. Naukovi pratsi UkrNDHMI, 2004. V. 253, 37-49

2. Klimatychnyi dovidnyk. Istoriia ta fizyko-heohrafichnyi opys meteorolohichnykh stantsii Ukrainy. Kyiv, 2011. 462

3. Kyreieva Z. M. Homohenizatsiia shchomisiachnykh riadiv opadiv za dopomohoiu prohramnoho zabezpechennia HOMER : kvalifikatsiina robota mahistra : 103 Nauky pro Zemliu / Kyreieva Zoryna Makhmadsalimivna. Kyiv, 2023. 72

4. Osadchyi V.I , Skrynyk O.A., Sidenko V.P., Boichuk D.O., Oshurok D.O., Skrynyk O.Y. Homohenizovana baza dovhykh riadiv serednoi misiachnoi temperatury povitria // Heoinformatyka. № 1 (65), 2018. 54-68

5. Palamarchuk, L.V., Osadchyi, V.I., Skrynyk, O.A., Kyreieva, Z.M., Sidenko, V.P., Oshurok, D.O., Skrynyk, O.Y. (2023). Vykorystannia prohramnoho zabezpechennia HOMER dlia kontroliu yakosti ta homohenizatsii riadiv shchomisiachnykh sum opadiv. Hidrolohiia, hidrokhimiia i hidroekolohiia, 2023. 1(67), 58-77

6. Palamarchuk L.V., Sokur K.S., Zabolotska T.M. Dynamika intensyvnosti opadiv ta mezostrukturni osoblyvosti yikh poliv u teplyi periodu roku na rivnynnii chastyni terytorii Ukrainy. Hidrolohiia, hidrokhimiia i hidroheolohiia. 2019. № 4(55). 95-111

7. Skrynyk O.A., Boichuk D.O., Sidenko V.P. Vyiavlennia ta usunennia klimatolohichnoi neodnoridnosti u chasovykh riadakh klimatolohichnykh pokaznykiv. Hidrolohiia, hidrokhimiia i hidroheolohiia. 2019. № 2(53). 88-100

8. Alexandersson, A., 1986: A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data. J. Climatol., 6, pp. 661-675.

9. Alexandersson, H. and A. Moberg, 1997: Homogenization of Swedish temperature data .1. Homogeneity test for linear trends. Int. J. Climatol., 17, pp. 25-34.

10. Brückner, E., 1890: Klimaschwankungen seit 1700 nebst Bemerkungen über Klimaschwankungen der Diluvialzeit. E.D. Hölzel, Wien and Olnütz.

11. Cao L.-J., Z.-W., Progress in research on homogenization of climate data. Adv Clim. Change Res, 2012, vol. 3 iss 2. pp. 59-67. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00059. (25)

12. Caussinus, H. and O. Mestre, 2004: Detection and correction of artificial shifts in climate series. Appl. Statist., 53, Part 3, pp. 405-425.

13. Coll, John & Curley, Mary & Walsh, Seamus & Sweeney, John. (2014). Ireland with HOMER

14. Conrad V., 1944: Methods in Climatology. Harvard University Press, 228 p.

15. Conrad V., O. Schreier, 1927: Die Anwendung des Abbe’schen Kriteriums auf physikalische Beobachtungsreihen. Gerland’s Beiträge zur Geophysik, XVII, 372.

16. Conrad, V. and C. Pollak, 1950: Methods in Climatology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 459 p.

17. Conrad, V., 1925: Homogenitätsbestimmung meteorologischer Beobachtungsreihen. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 482–485.

18. Cowtan, K. D. (2015) Homogenization of Temperature Data: An Assessment

19. Domonkos, P. 2014: The ACMANT2 software package. Eighth Seminar for Homogenization and Quality Control in Climatological Databases and Third Conference on Spatial Interpolation Techniques In Climatology and Meteorology. WMO, WCDMP84,46-72

20. Gorbachva L.,Khrystiuk B.,Shpyg V., Pishniak D. Estimation of tendencies homogeneity and stationarity of air tempetature at the Ukrainian Antartic “Akademik Vernadsky” station during 1951-2020. Геофізичний журнал. 2022. Т.44. 4. C.183-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24028/gjv44i4.264848

21. Hann, J., 1880: Untersuchungen über die Regenverhältnisse von Österreich-Ungarn. II. Veränderlichkeit der Monats- und Jahresmengen. S.-B. Akad. Wiss. Wien.

22. Heidke P., 1923: Quantitative Begriffsbestimmung homogener Temperatur- und Niederschlagsreihen. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 114-115.

23. Helmert F.R., 1907: Die Ausgleichrechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate. 2. Auflage, Teubner Verlag.

24. Hofund Staatsdruckerei, 1873: Bericht über die Verhandlungen des internationalen Meteorologen-Congresses zu Wien, 2.-10. September 1873, Protokolle und Beilagen.

25. HOME. Homepage of the COST Action ES06601- Advance in Homogenization Methods jf climate Series: An Integrated Approach (HOME), URL: http://www.homogenization.org">http://www.homogenization.org (33); http:// www/homogenization.org/HOMER_R/pdf (36)

26. Hungarian Meteorological Service (HMS), 1996: Proceedings of the First Seminar for Homogenization of Surface Climatological Data, Budapest, Hungary, 6-12 October 1996, 44 p.

27. Joelsson, M., Slättberg, N., Carnebring, A., Sturm, C., & Engström, E. (2020). Automation of the interactive mode of the homogenisation software HOMER for climatological applications.

28. Kohler M.A., 1949: Double-mass analysis for testing the consistency of records and for making adjustments. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 30: 188 – 189.

29. Kreil K., 1854a: Mehrjährige Beobachtungen in Wien vom Jahre 1775 bis 1850. Jahrbücher der k.k. Central-Anstalt für Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus. I. Band – Jg 1848 und 1849, 35-74.

30. Mestre O., 1999: Step-by-step procedures for choosing a model with change-points. In Proceedings of the second seminar for homogenisation of surface climatological data, Budapest, Hungary, WCDMP-No.41, WMO-TD. No.962, 15-26.

31. Mestre O., Aguilar E. HOME_R. Fast documentation. HOMER Training School, 2011. 36 p., http://www.homogeni- sation.org/HOME_R.pdf!

32. Mestre O., Domonkos P., Pikard F.,Auer I., RobinS.,Lebarbier E., a.o.Homer: a homogenization software – methods and applications. Idojaras, Quart. J. Hungarion. Meteorol. Ser. 2013 V.117. Iss.1 P. 47-67. (37)

33. P. Luhunga, E. Mutayoba and H. Ng’ongolo, 'Homogeneity of Monthly Mean Air Temperature of the United Republic of Tanzania with HOMER,' Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 1, 2014, pp. 70-77. doi: 10.4236/acs.2014.41010.

34. Pérez-Zanón, N., Sigró, J., Domonkos, P., and Ashcroft, L.: Comparison of HOMER and ACMANT homogenization methods using a central Pyrenees temperature dataset, Adv. Sci. Res., 12, 111–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-12-111-2015, 2015.

35. Peterson T.C., D.R. Easterling, T.R. Karl, P. Groisman, N. Nicholls, N. Plummer, S. Torok, I. Auer, R. Boehm, D. Gullett, L. Vincent, R. Heino, H. Tuomenvirta, O. Mestre, T. Szentimrey, J. Salinger, E.J. Forland, I. Hanssen-Bauer, H. Alexandersson, P. Jones, D. Parker, 1998: Homogeneity adjustments of in situ atmospheric climate data: A review. Int. J. Climatol., 18, 1493-1517.

36. Picard F, Lebarbier E, Hoebeke M, Rigaill G, Thiam B, Robin S. Joint segmentation, calling, and normalization of multiple CGH profiles. Biostatistics. 2011 Jul;12(3):413-28. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxq076

37. Szentimrey, T., 1999: Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization (MASH). Proceedings of the second seminar for homogenization of surface climatological data, Budapest, Hungary; WMO, WCDMP-No. 41, 27-46.

38. Venema, V., O. Mestre, E. Aguilar, I. Auer, J.A. Guijarro, P. Domonkos, G. Vertacnik, T. Szentimrey, P. Stepanek, P. Zahradnicek, J. Viarre, G. Müller-Westermeier, M. Lakatos, C.N. Williams, M.J. Menne, R. Lindau, D. Rasol, E. Rustemeier, K. Kolokythas, T. Marinova, L. Andresen, F. Acquaotta, S. Fratianni, S. Cheval, M. Klancar, M. Brunetti, Ch. Gruber, M. Prohom Duran, T. Likso, P. Esteban, Th. Brandsma. Benchmarking homogenization algorithms for monthly data. Climate of the Past, 8, pp. 89-115, doi: 10.5194/cp-8-89-2012, 2012. See also the introductory blog post and a post on the weaknesses of the study.

39. Wang, Xiaolan & Feng, Y.. (2013). RHtestsV4 user manual. Environment Canada Science and Technology Branch Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate Climate Research. Division Res. Rep.

40. WMO. Calculation of monthly and annual 30-years standard normals. World Meteorological Organization, World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme Series, 1989. WCDP 10, WMO-TD

41. Zentralanstalt für Meterologie und Geodynamik. 1906: Bericht über die internationale meteorologische Direktorenkonferenz in Innsbruck, September 1905. Anhang zum Jahrbuch 1905. k.k. Hof-und Staatsdruckerei.

42. Zhang L, Si J, Jiapaer G, Zhang T, Mao W, Dong S. Spatial Homogenization Adjustment and Application of Weather Station Networks in Xinjiang, China. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(11):1840. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111840.